Essay写作要明确写作目的是什么

 写手指南     |      2020-12-02 17:31
 
  写作都是有目的的,学校里教授要你的每一次Essay写作,都是为了锻炼你的某一种能力(比如说总结能力),所以在Essay下笔之前一定要了解自己的写作目的是什么。在目的里面,其中很重要的一个成分是搞清楚”观众“,也就是说,你是写给谁看的,不同的读者,你所使用的语言,以及需要解释的东西都是不一样的(比如说写一篇介绍”微信“的文章,写给美国人和中国人看,文章的详细程度肯定是不一样的)。

 
Essay写作

 
  在学术Essay写作中,你写作的目的又是什么呢?很多情况下是为了去respond to a point,你自己的point(thesis)固然很重要,但是要告诉读者,是什么激发了你的观点,你的观点是针对其他学者的什么研究而写?其实就是要提供研究的大背景(context),在文章的开头去justify你的研究意义。举个简单的例子,就好像你在写托福独立作文的时候,会说”社会上越来越多的人对这个话题开始进行激烈的辩论“,这边其实就是你写作的reason,就是大背景。当然正真的学术写作并没有那么简单,要摄入一个领域,你首先要去了解在这个领域的学者们都在说些什么(要对他们的paper进行观点总结、综合),然后在他们的观点基础上进行提出自己的观点(可以使反对、可以是补充完善等)。
 
  所以在写argument Essay的时候,要提到别人在说什么(what others are saying,其实就是总结别人在说什么),然后再介绍自己的观点。诚然,这并不是所有议论文的结构,但是对于初学者来说,要掌握这个能力。罗格斯(Rutgers University)的写作课(特别是使用Points of Departure这本教材)就很重视这种能力的训练,他们会让学生去看两篇名家写的文章,然后要求写response,老师一般会要求在第一段里面就要简单总结出两篇作者的相关观点,然后第一段最后一句话写出自己的观点(thesis statement)。在正文部分,再讲自己观点的时候,还要和两篇文章的观点进行详细的interact。
 
  这边举一个George Orwell"Politics and the English Language"的例子:
 
  Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way,but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it.Our civilization is decadent and our language—so the argument runs—must inevitably share in the general collapse....
 
  [But]the process is reversible.Modern English,especially written English,is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble.
 
  这边Orwell其实就是在说:”Most people assume that we cannot do anything about the bad state of the English language.But I say we can.“
 
  当然,文章开头的方式有很多,比如说,讲一个相关的小故事、引言、相关的事实数据等,但是无论怎样,一定要快速联系到你的观点。
 
  →几个介绍”They Say“的句型结构:
 
  A number of sociologists have recently suggested that X's work has several fundamental problems.
 
  It has become common today to dismiss.
 
  In their recent work,Y and Z have offered harsh critiques of for.
 
  →几个介绍常识或者共识的巨型结构(常识一般不需要引用):
 
  Americans have always believed that individual effort can triumph over circumstances.
 
  Conventional wisdom has it that.
 
  Common sense seems to dictate that.
 
  The standard way of thinking about topic X has it that.
 
  Many people assume that.
 
  →两个介绍当下争论的句型结构:
 
  In discussions of X,one controversial issue has been.On the one hand,argues.On the other hand,contends.Others even maintain.My own view is.
 
  When it comes to the topic of,most of us will readily agree that.Where this agreement usually ends,however,is on the question of.Whereas some are convinced that,others maintain that.
 
  在正文中,还要时不时提醒读者,你的作文是在respond to other ideas,可以用下面这个句型结构来提醒:
 
  In conlusion,then,as I suggested earlier,defenders of cannot have it both ways.Their assertion that is contradicted by their claim that.